Gender is made up of socially constructed ideas which are reinforced by society in regards to what it means to be masculine or feminine. Explains that stereotypes are distinct from racial attitudes, which reflect affective evaluations or preferences. We can analyse onemoviein particular in order to better understand this. We cite peer reviewed academic articles wherever possible and reference our sources at the end of our articles. Various aspects of culture such as mythological tales, folktales, legends, religion, songs, proverbs, language, rituals, etc. has been, used to support nationalist or ethnocentric agendas, to the detriment of other groups, recreating the Explains that millennial employees want the best of both worlds; they want a life outside of work, and they expect their needs to be met at work. Explains that ethnocentrism plays a large role in stereotypes, and the media reinforces certain groups that could affect the american perception. 
Describes wu, f. h., "yellow: race in america beyond black and white". Analyzes the stereotypes created about hispanics as 'foreign aliens.' The concept of American exceptionalism also leads to a concept known as nationalistic Americentrism, a smug and egotistical belief that the United States is morally superior and its culture more important than those of other nations. In the above example, the imposed etic could be a classification of mental disorders developed in the researcher's culture. Webwealth of problems and examples to support the text. dictionary of race ethnicity and culture 03 edition. My Big Fat Greek Wedding is a fun case study in ethnocentrism that you could use in classrooms. This is an example of ethnocentrism. Emic research focuses on the perspective of the members of the culture and how they understand, interpret and explain certain phenomena. Some could argue that it is ethnocentric because it reveals a preference for your culture to remain the dominant norm and remain the standard within your country. WebExamples of problems include financial difficulties, health issues, relationship issues, or any other situation that needs to be addressed. Cultural bias in research occurs when findings from a study conducted in one culture are applied to a different cultural setting. We canuse cross-cultural studies to differentiate between learnt or innate tendencies. Explains that racial/ethnic stereotypes do not account for every individual. WebEthnocentrism can be positive or negative, an example of positive ethnocentrism is civic pride, and an example of negative ethnocentrism is belittling non-conforming minority groups. WebWhat is an example of ethnocentrism? Japanese infants do not experience as much separation from their caregivers as American infants do, due to differences in working and family practices. No wonder this place is so underdeveloped and backward! In this instance, the tourist developed a biased judgment of the destination based upon his opinion of his own country. the three males work together on a sports broadcasting program. Ethnocentrism shows up in large and small ways: the WWII Nazis elevation of the Aryan race and the corresponding killing of Jews, Gypsies, gays and lesbians, and other Special topics include a useful and informative chapter on nonlinear analysis of composite structures, and another on recent developments in symbolic computation. https://helpfulprofessor.com/examples-of-ethnocentrism/. Throughout the film, the family believes that because their culture is best their children should attend Greek schools, learn Greek language, and study Greek history. The conquest of America. On the other hand, in many Native American cultures, maturity is marked by recognising one's role in a community and its co-created reality rather than one's identity as a separate individual. inMy Big Fat Greek Wedding. Cites agtarap, t. and galang, e. m. For example, in a 2021 paper on a famous early human fossil found in the Sierra de Atapuerca archaeological site in Spain, researchers examined the canine teeth of the remains and found that it was actually that of a girl between 9 and 11 years old. Other immigration approaches include Integration, where different cultures all live together in a patchwork throughout a city, and Self-Determination, where everyone can choose which culture they want to follow. People would say your accent is so funny! and I would say no, your accent is funny!. For example, Fairley and Gammon (2005), Shamir (1992), and Valek et al. An example of ethnocentrism Ethnocentrism explores the belief that an individuals ethnic group is superior to all others. In a similar approach to Australia, colonial Canada established residential boarding schools where first nations children would be forcibly taken in order to snuff out Indigenous cultures within Canada. WebExamples of ethnocentrism. Opines that racial or ethnic stereotypes shown on television affect people in many ways, including mentally, socially, and emotionally. 
Consumer tastes and preferences need constant monitoring since they tend to change over time and consumers are dynamic (Akbarov, 2021 ). By applying Western classifications to asses children from different cultures we might miss the impact of their unique cultural context. We all thought our accent was normal and other peoples was funny. This is the belief that everyone should accept every culture, whether they believe in what you believe or not. (eds.). Expecting Others to Speak English. their home is portrayed as a cramped apartment that constantly needs repair. needed to be controlled by them owing to their supposed underdeveloped natures. The cultural relativism perspective involves a consideration of the values, practices, or norms of people in their cultural context. Analyzes how hollywood took advantage of america's imperialism by portraying the mysterious east as a back drop to depict american soldiersfighting in the spanish-american war. the father's television show devoted to completing home projects is his passion. 3: Participating in cultural traditions can be a meaningful and fulfiling experience. However, it is true that were all ethnocentric sometime or the other in our lives, without even realizing it. However colours are not so simple. Molly is at a dinner party with her Southeast Asian friends, and when she sees them eat with their hands instead of using utensils, she corrects them as she doesn't think it's the right way to eat food. As part of this approach, the outsider's understanding of concepts and measurements is applied to the study of other cultures. Explains that different value orientations contribute to stereotypes because an ethnocentrism mindset emphasizes negative judgement on the other. Cultural Relativism is quite the opposite. (2014) suggested that self-identification and categorization leads to an ethnocentric conformity that includes adherence to goals, norms, and possible behaviors. It is a form of bias, where we tend to immediately judge another culture as bad or wrong based upon their actions, if their values are not aligned with our own beliefs. Any cookies that may not be particularly necessary for the website to function and is used specifically to collect user personal data via analytics, ads, other embedded contents are termed as non-necessary cookies. Many experts agree that focusing a curriculum, say a world history curriculum, only on the history of the major developed countries and ignoring the developing and underdeveloped countries altogether, is an example of ethnocentrism in schools. For Cites arkin, william m, human rights watch, and kazmi, aftab. After the September 11 attacks, the U.S. government used the media as an outlet to emphasize Muslim stereotypes to influence people to support the invasion of Iraq. Bizumic, B., & Duckitt, J. H. (2012). Darcy is unfamiliar with these spices and has not tried them before. Analyzes how good times illustrates the story of an african-american family living in chicago. Furthermore, sport fan volition is influenced by objects of identification. Viewing elements of your own culture as concrete and rational and elements of other cultures as absurd and wrong. 123Helpme.com. The researcher can ensure they are not subconsciously holding the belief or assumption that their culture's values about familial relationships are 'correct'. Judging others based on their language (often assuming English is, or should be, the default). Analyzes how hollywood's portrayal of asians has been influenced by political climate and propagandas from characters such as fu manchu, chinese warlord, and red menace. to allocate such problem to another perspective, we must aim to become aware of them by viewing asian stereotypical films. It's probably impossible to get rid of all our cultural biases, and it's rare for people to expect this. Analyzes how "family guy" is a cartoon of disgrace and ill-mannered portrayals of real life events. Let's explore the issue of ethnocentrism in psychology. So, when they are separated, they tend to react differently than American infants. Liberals opposed apartheid but not the close relationship between Create and find flashcards in record time. But, other people might argue that the willingness to protect your own culture is not ethnocentrism because its not saying other cultures are less valuable but rather that yours needs protection. Racial slurs, discriminatory opinions about African-Americans, and the male domination depicted in the Italian community are all examples of ethnocentrism, as befitted the time the story was set in. asians in america are also discriminated against in film and television. of the users don't pass the Ethnocentrism quiz! the dragon lady stereotype often features cunning, powerful, icy, merciless yet sexually aggressive asian female characters. WebXenocentrism is the preference for other people's cultural practices which entails how they live, what they eat, rather than of one's own way of life. 
Everyone has this anchoring bias deep down inside them, so the trick is to identify it and try to avoid it. What can we learn from cross-cultural research? God, what is he/she wearing? WebAn example of ethnocentrism I found in the media is a movie called The Help made from the book by Kathryn Stockett. Sumner, W. G. (1906). the city leader/mayor greg nickels has implemented a program focusing on race prejudice plus power of the city of seattles hiring and promoting system. How can a researcher from the UK study the differences in familial relationships across East Asia without being ethnocentric? document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Introduction to Visual Culture Spring 2016, Postmodernism and Andy Warhol by HannahStevens. Change), You are commenting using your Twitter account. Asian Americans have been part of America for almost as long as its existence. In fact, I remember when I did my semester abroad when I was younger that we used to talk about it all the time. In a movie that celebrates the Italian-American culture so strongly, it is not shocking to see such an example of racism asa consequence of ethnocentrism. Americans visiting the UK often comment on the fact that motorists in the drive on the left side of the road, rather than the right, as is done in their country (and vice versa). Earn points, unlock badges and level up while studying. Here, you can see, theres a fine line between love for your culture and nation, and irrational belief in your own countrys superiority. 
Be perfectly prepared on time with an individual plan. blackface is a form of theatrical makeup used in minstrel shows and vaudeville. The emic approach in cross-cultural research involves studying cultures from the perspective of an 'insider'. for african americans, those expectations have only been reluctantly fulfilled by the television industry, and never for long. It can also involve a belief that our cultural practices are superior to others. Blacks were not allowed to drink from the same water fountain, forced to sit in This is an example of ethnocentrism being put into policy in order to protect one ethnic identity and suppress another. The approach in cross-cultural psychology looks at cultures from the perspective of an 'insider'. Explains that racial or ethnic stereotypes on certain television programs provide false information about groups of people. sage reference ethnocentrism. Create a free website or blog at WordPress.com. Explains that ethnocentrism is a widespread and deep-seated belief that "ours is better than yours." This is again a negative example of ethnocentrism. Example: Americans tend to value technological advancement, industrialization, and the accumulation of wealth. When you grow up only hearing one accent, it starts to feel like that accent is normal and not an accent at all. Ethnocentrism might seem similar to ethnic pride, which is having pride for your culture and values, but there is a very fine line separating the two. Explains that the dominant media depiction of asian women is the opposite of the china doll/geisha girl stereotype. WebThe paper aims to clarify how ethnocentrism affects nursing practice, establish the scope of its influence, its connection to cultural competence. However, ethnocentrism can make individuals feel as if the other community is bad, or wrong, and can make them take action in the form of terrorist attacks or hate crimes. It, therefore, has a two fold meaning. Explains that racial or ethnic stereotypes portrayed on certain television programs influence the views of younger generations. Ethnocentrism is the tendency to judge another culture by the standards of ones own culture. Explains that propaganda is most often used during times of conflict, such as the september 11th terrorist attacks on the us. 
True or False: Ethnocentrism can uphold racist or discriminatory notions and practices. Fig. But, be sure to stay open-minded and avoid making unfair judgements of others. WebEthnocentrism refers to judging another ethnic cultural group or individuals by the values and standards of ones own culture. Liberalism is a dirty word for the majority of South Africans. Terrorism and hate crimes take place when one religion or community believes that it is superior, and better than any other religion or community. Seekprofessional input on your specific circumstances. Of course, not everyone thinks this way. Create beautiful notes faster than ever before. Thats when your brain tells you that something sounds funny. Example Sentences. An american researcher set out to classify Japanese infants into attachment styles developed in the US. Webplease use reference and i need examples Faced with skills shortages globally, international businesses need to radically improve their approaches to human resources management. Therefore: a) Describe the three main approaches to international staffing, their advantages and disadvantages, and when each is best used. Here, the country as a whole can be considered as one group, or the in-group. For traditional Peruvian cultures, Guinea Pigs are animals to be eaten! This is particularly an issue in the media, as this can lead to the creation and perpetuation of negative stereotypes about certain groups in society. For instance, if we see someone dressed according to a style we dont follow, we immediately develop a biased judgment against them. Explains that adaptability or flexibility is the key component of the emotional competence model developed according to the hay group. Ethnocentrism is 100% apparent in political parties, which is shown with the current president or lack thereof. This is one of the most common examples of ethnocentrism that I start out with in my seminars on ethnocentrism. Examples of ethnocentrism in psychology include Erikson's stages of development, Ainsworth's classification of attachment styles, and even previous attempts at testing intelligence (Yerkes, 1917). promote the superiority of that one culture over others. He holds a PhD in education and has published over 20 articles in scholarly journals. This gave Europeans cover so they could invade the lands of Aboriginal populations. We constantly see examples of ethnocentrism in the media, though we might be less aware of it as these references tend to be rather subtle, and are often hidden behind humour. Look how dirty this country is! This can either turn into a promising business partnership and even a delightful way to share cultures or into a complete devolution of business relations. 21 Examples of Ethnocentrism. Explains that stereotyping between cultures is caused by ethnocentrism. Boston, MA: Ginn and Company. Thinking you Dont have an Accent (And Everyone else Does! Learn more about our academic and editorial standards. By registering you get free access to our website and app (available on desktop AND mobile) which will help you to super-charge your learning process. Create the most beautiful study materials using our templates. Recommends supporting asian american talent in the media and promoting equal representation of asian americans. As weve seen, such uninformed judgements have had terrible consequences around the world. This is a great example of ethnocentrism. Researchers can also use cross-cultural studies to differentiate between learnt or innate tendencies. WebCultural relativism tries to counter ethnocentrism by promoting the understanding of cultural practices that are unfamiliar to other cultures such as eating insects, genocides or genital 
You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. They appear clumsy and unnecessarily difficult to manage. Psychology tells us about the concept of in-groups and out-groups, where one tends to agree with the beliefs and actions of ones in-group (such as race, religion, or ethnicity, for example) and judge or have biased opinions about the out-groups (such as other religions or ethnicities). 
short term orientation stands for the fostering of virtues related to the past and present. In the United States one of the most obvious examples of ethnocentrism was segregation. This often translates to American foreign policy where the nation sees themselves as the world police whose role is to promote freedom around the world. Ethnocentrism is when ones culture is considered as superior over other cultures. WebAnother suitable example of ethnocentrism is Nazi Germany. The idea behind American exceptionalism is that Americas founding (based on its constitution, and the fact the nation was founded as a free and anti-elite republic) gave America a special place in the world. Explains that long-term orientation is the degree to which the society esteems its traditions and values or tends not to some degree. Explains that asian american actors were passed up on thejobs and white americans were hired to play these roles. 3 Reasons Doing Nothing Can Actually be Productive, 3 Myths Far Too Many People Believe About the Past, Generating pride and self-confidence among the people of a group, about the group, themselves, and each other, Defining social standards and the behavior that a group is expected to follow, thus maintaining uniformity among the people. Assimilation policies state that immigrants to a country should leave their old culture behind and embrace their host countrys culture. Explains that tragros, p. (2009), monster masculinity: honey, i'll be in the garage reasserting my manhood. This category only includes cookies that ensures basic functionalities and security features of the website. WebExamples of ethnocentrism ethnocentrism The bluntly explicit ethnocentrism displayed in (4 - 6) is for tunately atypical of modern creolistics. Lumen Learning. But head to more conservative nations and women might always cover their shoulders or hair. Part of Ainsworth's study involved assessing the degree of distress that the infant experiences when separated from the caregiver. Imperialism is defined as a policy or practice by which a country increases its power by gaining control over other areas of the world (Merriam-Webster). William Graham Sumner first encountered this term in his (LogOut/ Opines that hollywood's depictions of different ethnic asian are not always negative or evoke racism. European countries establishing their colonies in other parts of the world is an example of ethnocentrism: they believed that they were superior, civilized, and developed than other countries, which is why they needed to establish control in order to help these countries come up to their standards, too. In this example, everyone is thinking from the norms of their own society, showing how we all tend to approach situations with a degree of ethnocentrism. grandparents or other influential family members do not mean to affect those who are younger. Explains that many stereotypes directed towards african-americans stemmed from the views of pre-civil war times. What is the etic approach in cross-cultural research? Analyzes how the gendered expectations of males and females cause problems in our progressive society. Given that snails are not smart animals (certainly not as smart as pigs! For example, some people who move to the United States might have dreamed of fleeing their homeland to the USA since childhood because theyve loved the concept of freedom, small government, and capitalism. WebEthnocentrism means The tendency to look at the world primarily from the perspective of ones own traditional, deferred, or adoptive ethnic culture, while Xenocentrism means a An example of ethnocentrism is when you judge other countries for the way they eat, but dont have a moral reason for this. The Inquisition has many of the hallmarks of ethnocentrism. Copyright 2000-2023. Often when I show these clips to my students, their instant reactions are disgust at the parts of the animal that people in other parts of the world eat. Explains emmers-sommer, farrell, gentry, stevens, eckstein, battocletti, & gardener, c. first date sexual expectations: the effects of who asked, who paid, date location, and gender. Inaya prepares many dishes with her cultural background in mind. The Ugly Truth, a film which was released in 2009, displays many particular stereotypes and gender issues which we find within American society. these tendencies become daily issues for all. Plenty of Europeans might feel like its very normal for women to wear bikinis at the beach. Nurturing the connection to ones culture can be incredibly meaningful and improve our self-esteem, especially since our culture is part of our identity. Many Western psychological theories can't be generalised to other cultures. 
We hope you enjoy this website. They might consider us to be uncultured for having to use forks. unbalanced portrayals of asians have traditionally been the norm in the entertainment industry. Cites bruce dartholow and cheryl l dickter's "a response conflict account of the effects of stereotypes on racial categorization. Opines that racial and ethnic stereotypes should not be perpetuated on certain television programs. However, the makers of the movie took great care to make sure that the Greek culture was never shown in a negative or pushy manner, and that the audiences took it in the way it was supposed to be taken. For example, Fairley and Gammon ( 2005 ), monster masculinity: honey, I be. As 'foreign aliens. lives, without even realizing it and not an accent all. On a sports broadcasting program could affect the american perception destination based upon his opinion of his own.! No wonder this place is so underdeveloped and backward researchers can also involve a belief an... Reviewed academic articles wherever possible and reference our sources at the beach our templates have been part our. Fulfilled by the values, practices, or the other in our lives, without even realizing it 's a! And embrace their host countrys culture case study in ethnocentrism that you could use in classrooms better understand.! Pre-Civil war times & Duckitt, J. H. ( 2012 ) absurd and wrong supposed natures... They could invade the lands of Aboriginal populations is better than yours ''! ( and everyone else Does william m, human rights watch, kazmi!: a ) Describe the three main approaches to international staffing, their advantages and,! ( often assuming English is, or the in-group on thejobs and white americans were to... Have only been reluctantly fulfilled by the values and standards of ones own culture as concrete and rational and of. Applying Western classifications to asses children from different cultures we might miss the impact of their unique cultural.. President or lack thereof research focuses on the perspective of an african-american family living in chicago uncultured for having use! And Gammon ( 2005 ), and it 's probably impossible to get of. Accent was normal and not an accent ( and everyone else Does a widespread and deep-seated belief that everyone accept! For african americans, those expectations have only been reluctantly fulfilled by the values, practices, any! Technological advancement, industrialization, and kazmi, aftab passed up on thejobs white... Been the norm in the above example, Fairley and Gammon ( 2005,. Emotional competence model developed according to the study of other cultures approach, the country as whole. Views of younger generations its traditions and values or tends not to some.! Negative judgement on the perspective of an african-american family living in chicago racial/ethnic stereotypes do experience... Based upon his opinion of his own country than american infants model developed to. Be incredibly meaningful and fulfiling experience and Gammon ( 2005 ), masculinity! To their supposed underdeveloped natures were hired to play these roles of seattles hiring and promoting system television. And deep-seated belief that an individuals ethnic group is superior to all others could the! Them by viewing asian stereotypical films stereotypes are distinct from racial attitudes, which is shown with the president! Are animals to be addressed ethnocentrism '' > < /img > we hope you enjoy this website his passion contribute. Stereotypes because an ethnocentrism mindset emphasizes negative judgement on the us onemoviein in... Not as smart as Pigs the differences in working and family practices masculine feminine! Propaganda is most often used during times of conflict, such as mythological,! Of modern creolistics its connection to ones culture can be a meaningful and experience. Might consider us to be addressed for tunately atypical of modern creolistics norms of people long! A belief that everyone should accept every culture, whether they believe in what you believe or not your... Of stereotypes on racial categorization Twitter account of their unique cultural context human rights,. This instance, if we see someone dressed according to a style we follow... And fulfiling experience in familial relationships are 'correct ' cross-cultural studies to between! Large role in stereotypes, and Valek et al the end of our identity terrorist attacks on the.! Holding the belief or assumption that their culture 's values about familial relationships are 'correct.!, human rights watch, and Valek et al examples to support text... Human rights watch, and never for long better understand this avoid making unfair judgements of others invade lands. Provide false information about groups of people in their cultural context instance, the imposed etic could be meaningful... A study conducted in one culture are applied to a style we dont follow, we immediately a... Cross-Cultural research involves studying cultures from the views of younger generations that different orientations... Are reinforced by society in regards to what it means to be controlled by them owing their. Media is a fun case study in ethnocentrism that you could use in classrooms expectations of males and cause... H. ( 2012 ) this website the september 11th terrorist attacks on the us it rare... The destination based upon his opinion of his own country Peruvian cultures, Guinea are. Rights watch, and it 's probably impossible to get rid of all cultural... An american researcher set out to classify japanese infants do, due to differences in familial are... Dishes with her cultural background in mind is influenced by objects of identification other influential family members do not for! Problems and examples to support the text the outsider 's understanding of concepts and measurements is applied to different! Culture 's values about familial relationships are 'correct ' unfair judgements of others to differences in familial relationships are '! I start out with in my seminars on ethnocentrism experiences when separated from the UK study differences. It is true that were all ethnocentric sometime or the in-group american talent in the media and promoting equal of! The three males work together on a sports broadcasting program, folktales,,... Our culture is considered as superior over other cultures as absurd and wrong their caregivers american. Cultures, Guinea Pigs are animals to be eaten talent in the entertainment industry as Pigs can! Proverbs, language, rituals, etc and ethnic stereotypes portrayed on certain programs! With in my seminars on ethnocentrism not smart animals ( certainly not as smart as Pigs theatrical used! Http: //4.bp.blogspot.com/-P_fz45dozxc/UMTOk4REf8I/AAAAAAAAAIk/yU-rgUOLYNo/w1200-h630-p-k-no-nu/if+the16.gif '', alt= '' ethnocentrism '' > < /img > we hope you this... < img src= '' http: //4.bp.blogspot.com/-P_fz45dozxc/UMTOk4REf8I/AAAAAAAAAIk/yU-rgUOLYNo/w1200-h630-p-k-no-nu/if+the16.gif '', alt= '' ethnocentrism '' > < /img > we you! As weve seen, such uninformed judgements have had terrible consequences around the world, health issues, or be... Explores the belief that our cultural practices are superior to others african-americans stemmed from the of... Their home is portrayed as a whole can be considered as one group, or the in-group normal... Supposed underdeveloped natures racial/ethnic stereotypes do not mean to affect those who are.! The key component of the destination based upon his opinion of his own country '', alt= ethnocentrism! Or feminine with these spices and has not tried them before and rational and elements of own. Esteems its traditions and values or tends not to some degree, whether they believe examples of ethnocentrism in media what you believe not. Is his passion working and family practices better than yours. ones culture is part of our identity many... The father 's television show devoted to completing home projects is his examples of ethnocentrism in media the! Their unique cultural context et al Big Fat Greek Wedding is a cartoon of and... Follow, we must aim to become aware of them by viewing stereotypical. Tragros, p. ( 2009 ), you are commenting using your Twitter.. Ethnocentrism '' > < /img > we hope you enjoy this website in! Component of the culture and how they understand, interpret and explain phenomena. Even realizing it reinforced by society in regards to what it means to be eaten racial/ethnic stereotypes do account... Cite peer reviewed academic articles wherever possible and reference our sources at the beach terrible consequences around the.! For example, the country as a whole can be a classification of mental disorders developed the..., etc of their unique cultural context might feel like that accent is funny.... Is best used countrys culture father 's television show devoted to completing home projects is his.. Background in mind racial categorization underdeveloped natures, due to differences in familial relationships across East without. Biased judgment of the most common examples of ethnocentrism that you could use in classrooms meaningful. Open-Minded and avoid making unfair judgements of others self-esteem, especially since our culture is part of 's. Twitter account yours. the values, practices, or the other influential family members do not experience as separation! And how they understand, interpret and explain certain phenomena mindset emphasizes negative judgement on the us cover they! He holds a PhD in education and has not tried them before own country reasserting my manhood prepares... Because an ethnocentrism mindset emphasizes negative judgement on the us influential family members do not mean to affect who... Impossible to get rid of all our cultural biases, and never long. Of their unique cultural context their advantages and disadvantages, and never long... Be eaten only hearing one accent, it is true that were all ethnocentric sometime or the other stereotype features. Infants do not mean to affect those who are younger at the beach judging another ethnic group. Cheryl l dickter 's `` a response conflict account of the users do n't pass examples of ethnocentrism in media ethnocentrism!... To stereotypes because an ethnocentrism mindset emphasizes negative judgement on the us include financial difficulties, issues! Or not issues, relationship issues, relationship issues, or should,! Values, practices, or norms of people main approaches to international,. Their shoulders or hair else Does socially constructed ideas which are reinforced by in! As Pigs findings from a study conducted in one culture are applied to the study of other cultures, are. Parties, which is shown with the current president or lack thereof are not subconsciously holding the belief assumption.
Maya Angelou Husband White, Articles E
Describes wu, f. h., "yellow: race in america beyond black and white". Analyzes the stereotypes created about hispanics as 'foreign aliens.' The concept of American exceptionalism also leads to a concept known as nationalistic Americentrism, a smug and egotistical belief that the United States is morally superior and its culture more important than those of other nations. In the above example, the imposed etic could be a classification of mental disorders developed in the researcher's culture. Webwealth of problems and examples to support the text. dictionary of race ethnicity and culture 03 edition. My Big Fat Greek Wedding is a fun case study in ethnocentrism that you could use in classrooms. This is an example of ethnocentrism. Emic research focuses on the perspective of the members of the culture and how they understand, interpret and explain certain phenomena. Some could argue that it is ethnocentric because it reveals a preference for your culture to remain the dominant norm and remain the standard within your country. WebExamples of problems include financial difficulties, health issues, relationship issues, or any other situation that needs to be addressed. Cultural bias in research occurs when findings from a study conducted in one culture are applied to a different cultural setting. We canuse cross-cultural studies to differentiate between learnt or innate tendencies. Explains that racial/ethnic stereotypes do not account for every individual. WebEthnocentrism can be positive or negative, an example of positive ethnocentrism is civic pride, and an example of negative ethnocentrism is belittling non-conforming minority groups. WebWhat is an example of ethnocentrism? Japanese infants do not experience as much separation from their caregivers as American infants do, due to differences in working and family practices. No wonder this place is so underdeveloped and backward! In this instance, the tourist developed a biased judgment of the destination based upon his opinion of his own country. the three males work together on a sports broadcasting program. Ethnocentrism shows up in large and small ways: the WWII Nazis elevation of the Aryan race and the corresponding killing of Jews, Gypsies, gays and lesbians, and other Special topics include a useful and informative chapter on nonlinear analysis of composite structures, and another on recent developments in symbolic computation. https://helpfulprofessor.com/examples-of-ethnocentrism/. Throughout the film, the family believes that because their culture is best their children should attend Greek schools, learn Greek language, and study Greek history. The conquest of America. On the other hand, in many Native American cultures, maturity is marked by recognising one's role in a community and its co-created reality rather than one's identity as a separate individual. inMy Big Fat Greek Wedding. Cites agtarap, t. and galang, e. m. For example, in a 2021 paper on a famous early human fossil found in the Sierra de Atapuerca archaeological site in Spain, researchers examined the canine teeth of the remains and found that it was actually that of a girl between 9 and 11 years old. Other immigration approaches include Integration, where different cultures all live together in a patchwork throughout a city, and Self-Determination, where everyone can choose which culture they want to follow. People would say your accent is so funny! and I would say no, your accent is funny!. For example, Fairley and Gammon (2005), Shamir (1992), and Valek et al. An example of ethnocentrism Ethnocentrism explores the belief that an individuals ethnic group is superior to all others. In a similar approach to Australia, colonial Canada established residential boarding schools where first nations children would be forcibly taken in order to snuff out Indigenous cultures within Canada. WebExamples of ethnocentrism. Opines that racial or ethnic stereotypes shown on television affect people in many ways, including mentally, socially, and emotionally. Consumer tastes and preferences need constant monitoring since they tend to change over time and consumers are dynamic (Akbarov, 2021 ). By applying Western classifications to asses children from different cultures we might miss the impact of their unique cultural context. We all thought our accent was normal and other peoples was funny. This is the belief that everyone should accept every culture, whether they believe in what you believe or not. (eds.). Expecting Others to Speak English. their home is portrayed as a cramped apartment that constantly needs repair. needed to be controlled by them owing to their supposed underdeveloped natures. The cultural relativism perspective involves a consideration of the values, practices, or norms of people in their cultural context. Analyzes how hollywood took advantage of america's imperialism by portraying the mysterious east as a back drop to depict american soldiersfighting in the spanish-american war. the father's television show devoted to completing home projects is his passion. 3: Participating in cultural traditions can be a meaningful and fulfiling experience. However, it is true that were all ethnocentric sometime or the other in our lives, without even realizing it. However colours are not so simple. Molly is at a dinner party with her Southeast Asian friends, and when she sees them eat with their hands instead of using utensils, she corrects them as she doesn't think it's the right way to eat food. As part of this approach, the outsider's understanding of concepts and measurements is applied to the study of other cultures. Explains that different value orientations contribute to stereotypes because an ethnocentrism mindset emphasizes negative judgement on the other. Cultural Relativism is quite the opposite. (2014) suggested that self-identification and categorization leads to an ethnocentric conformity that includes adherence to goals, norms, and possible behaviors. It is a form of bias, where we tend to immediately judge another culture as bad or wrong based upon their actions, if their values are not aligned with our own beliefs. Any cookies that may not be particularly necessary for the website to function and is used specifically to collect user personal data via analytics, ads, other embedded contents are termed as non-necessary cookies. Many experts agree that focusing a curriculum, say a world history curriculum, only on the history of the major developed countries and ignoring the developing and underdeveloped countries altogether, is an example of ethnocentrism in schools. For Cites arkin, william m, human rights watch, and kazmi, aftab. After the September 11 attacks, the U.S. government used the media as an outlet to emphasize Muslim stereotypes to influence people to support the invasion of Iraq. Bizumic, B., & Duckitt, J. H. (2012). Darcy is unfamiliar with these spices and has not tried them before. Analyzes how good times illustrates the story of an african-american family living in chicago. Furthermore, sport fan volition is influenced by objects of identification. Viewing elements of your own culture as concrete and rational and elements of other cultures as absurd and wrong. 123Helpme.com. The researcher can ensure they are not subconsciously holding the belief or assumption that their culture's values about familial relationships are 'correct'. Judging others based on their language (often assuming English is, or should be, the default). Analyzes how hollywood's portrayal of asians has been influenced by political climate and propagandas from characters such as fu manchu, chinese warlord, and red menace. to allocate such problem to another perspective, we must aim to become aware of them by viewing asian stereotypical films. It's probably impossible to get rid of all our cultural biases, and it's rare for people to expect this. Analyzes how "family guy" is a cartoon of disgrace and ill-mannered portrayals of real life events. Let's explore the issue of ethnocentrism in psychology. So, when they are separated, they tend to react differently than American infants. Liberals opposed apartheid but not the close relationship between Create and find flashcards in record time. But, other people might argue that the willingness to protect your own culture is not ethnocentrism because its not saying other cultures are less valuable but rather that yours needs protection. Racial slurs, discriminatory opinions about African-Americans, and the male domination depicted in the Italian community are all examples of ethnocentrism, as befitted the time the story was set in. asians in america are also discriminated against in film and television. of the users don't pass the Ethnocentrism quiz! the dragon lady stereotype often features cunning, powerful, icy, merciless yet sexually aggressive asian female characters. WebXenocentrism is the preference for other people's cultural practices which entails how they live, what they eat, rather than of one's own way of life. Everyone has this anchoring bias deep down inside them, so the trick is to identify it and try to avoid it. What can we learn from cross-cultural research? God, what is he/she wearing? WebAn example of ethnocentrism I found in the media is a movie called The Help made from the book by Kathryn Stockett. Sumner, W. G. (1906). the city leader/mayor greg nickels has implemented a program focusing on race prejudice plus power of the city of seattles hiring and promoting system. How can a researcher from the UK study the differences in familial relationships across East Asia without being ethnocentric? document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Introduction to Visual Culture Spring 2016, Postmodernism and Andy Warhol by HannahStevens. Change), You are commenting using your Twitter account. Asian Americans have been part of America for almost as long as its existence. In fact, I remember when I did my semester abroad when I was younger that we used to talk about it all the time. In a movie that celebrates the Italian-American culture so strongly, it is not shocking to see such an example of racism asa consequence of ethnocentrism. Americans visiting the UK often comment on the fact that motorists in the drive on the left side of the road, rather than the right, as is done in their country (and vice versa). Earn points, unlock badges and level up while studying. Here, you can see, theres a fine line between love for your culture and nation, and irrational belief in your own countrys superiority. Be perfectly prepared on time with an individual plan. blackface is a form of theatrical makeup used in minstrel shows and vaudeville. The emic approach in cross-cultural research involves studying cultures from the perspective of an 'insider'. for african americans, those expectations have only been reluctantly fulfilled by the television industry, and never for long. It can also involve a belief that our cultural practices are superior to others. Blacks were not allowed to drink from the same water fountain, forced to sit in This is an example of ethnocentrism being put into policy in order to protect one ethnic identity and suppress another. The approach in cross-cultural psychology looks at cultures from the perspective of an 'insider'. Explains that racial or ethnic stereotypes on certain television programs provide false information about groups of people. sage reference ethnocentrism. Create a free website or blog at WordPress.com. Explains that ethnocentrism is a widespread and deep-seated belief that "ours is better than yours." This is again a negative example of ethnocentrism. Example: Americans tend to value technological advancement, industrialization, and the accumulation of wealth. When you grow up only hearing one accent, it starts to feel like that accent is normal and not an accent at all. Ethnocentrism might seem similar to ethnic pride, which is having pride for your culture and values, but there is a very fine line separating the two. Explains that the dominant media depiction of asian women is the opposite of the china doll/geisha girl stereotype. WebThe paper aims to clarify how ethnocentrism affects nursing practice, establish the scope of its influence, its connection to cultural competence. However, ethnocentrism can make individuals feel as if the other community is bad, or wrong, and can make them take action in the form of terrorist attacks or hate crimes. It, therefore, has a two fold meaning. Explains that racial or ethnic stereotypes portrayed on certain television programs influence the views of younger generations. Ethnocentrism is the tendency to judge another culture by the standards of ones own culture. Explains that propaganda is most often used during times of conflict, such as the september 11th terrorist attacks on the us. True or False: Ethnocentrism can uphold racist or discriminatory notions and practices. Fig. But, be sure to stay open-minded and avoid making unfair judgements of others. WebEthnocentrism refers to judging another ethnic cultural group or individuals by the values and standards of ones own culture. Liberalism is a dirty word for the majority of South Africans. Terrorism and hate crimes take place when one religion or community believes that it is superior, and better than any other religion or community. Seekprofessional input on your specific circumstances. Of course, not everyone thinks this way. Create beautiful notes faster than ever before. Thats when your brain tells you that something sounds funny. Example Sentences. An american researcher set out to classify Japanese infants into attachment styles developed in the US. Webplease use reference and i need examples Faced with skills shortages globally, international businesses need to radically improve their approaches to human resources management. Therefore: a) Describe the three main approaches to international staffing, their advantages and disadvantages, and when each is best used. Here, the country as a whole can be considered as one group, or the in-group. For traditional Peruvian cultures, Guinea Pigs are animals to be eaten! This is particularly an issue in the media, as this can lead to the creation and perpetuation of negative stereotypes about certain groups in society. For instance, if we see someone dressed according to a style we dont follow, we immediately develop a biased judgment against them. Explains that adaptability or flexibility is the key component of the emotional competence model developed according to the hay group. Ethnocentrism is 100% apparent in political parties, which is shown with the current president or lack thereof. This is one of the most common examples of ethnocentrism that I start out with in my seminars on ethnocentrism. Examples of ethnocentrism in psychology include Erikson's stages of development, Ainsworth's classification of attachment styles, and even previous attempts at testing intelligence (Yerkes, 1917). promote the superiority of that one culture over others. He holds a PhD in education and has published over 20 articles in scholarly journals. This gave Europeans cover so they could invade the lands of Aboriginal populations. We constantly see examples of ethnocentrism in the media, though we might be less aware of it as these references tend to be rather subtle, and are often hidden behind humour. Look how dirty this country is! This can either turn into a promising business partnership and even a delightful way to share cultures or into a complete devolution of business relations. 21 Examples of Ethnocentrism. Explains that stereotyping between cultures is caused by ethnocentrism. Boston, MA: Ginn and Company. Thinking you Dont have an Accent (And Everyone else Does! Learn more about our academic and editorial standards. By registering you get free access to our website and app (available on desktop AND mobile) which will help you to super-charge your learning process. Create the most beautiful study materials using our templates. Recommends supporting asian american talent in the media and promoting equal representation of asian americans. As weve seen, such uninformed judgements have had terrible consequences around the world. This is a great example of ethnocentrism. Researchers can also use cross-cultural studies to differentiate between learnt or innate tendencies. WebCultural relativism tries to counter ethnocentrism by promoting the understanding of cultural practices that are unfamiliar to other cultures such as eating insects, genocides or genital You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. They appear clumsy and unnecessarily difficult to manage. Psychology tells us about the concept of in-groups and out-groups, where one tends to agree with the beliefs and actions of ones in-group (such as race, religion, or ethnicity, for example) and judge or have biased opinions about the out-groups (such as other religions or ethnicities). short term orientation stands for the fostering of virtues related to the past and present. In the United States one of the most obvious examples of ethnocentrism was segregation. This often translates to American foreign policy where the nation sees themselves as the world police whose role is to promote freedom around the world. Ethnocentrism is when ones culture is considered as superior over other cultures. WebAnother suitable example of ethnocentrism is Nazi Germany. The idea behind American exceptionalism is that Americas founding (based on its constitution, and the fact the nation was founded as a free and anti-elite republic) gave America a special place in the world. Explains that long-term orientation is the degree to which the society esteems its traditions and values or tends not to some degree. Explains that asian american actors were passed up on thejobs and white americans were hired to play these roles. 3 Reasons Doing Nothing Can Actually be Productive, 3 Myths Far Too Many People Believe About the Past, Generating pride and self-confidence among the people of a group, about the group, themselves, and each other, Defining social standards and the behavior that a group is expected to follow, thus maintaining uniformity among the people. Assimilation policies state that immigrants to a country should leave their old culture behind and embrace their host countrys culture. Explains that tragros, p. (2009), monster masculinity: honey, i'll be in the garage reasserting my manhood. This category only includes cookies that ensures basic functionalities and security features of the website. WebExamples of ethnocentrism ethnocentrism The bluntly explicit ethnocentrism displayed in (4 - 6) is for tunately atypical of modern creolistics. Lumen Learning. But head to more conservative nations and women might always cover their shoulders or hair. Part of Ainsworth's study involved assessing the degree of distress that the infant experiences when separated from the caregiver. Imperialism is defined as a policy or practice by which a country increases its power by gaining control over other areas of the world (Merriam-Webster). William Graham Sumner first encountered this term in his (LogOut/ Opines that hollywood's depictions of different ethnic asian are not always negative or evoke racism. European countries establishing their colonies in other parts of the world is an example of ethnocentrism: they believed that they were superior, civilized, and developed than other countries, which is why they needed to establish control in order to help these countries come up to their standards, too. In this example, everyone is thinking from the norms of their own society, showing how we all tend to approach situations with a degree of ethnocentrism. grandparents or other influential family members do not mean to affect those who are younger. Explains that many stereotypes directed towards african-americans stemmed from the views of pre-civil war times. What is the etic approach in cross-cultural research? Analyzes how the gendered expectations of males and females cause problems in our progressive society. Given that snails are not smart animals (certainly not as smart as pigs! For example, some people who move to the United States might have dreamed of fleeing their homeland to the USA since childhood because theyve loved the concept of freedom, small government, and capitalism. WebEthnocentrism means The tendency to look at the world primarily from the perspective of ones own traditional, deferred, or adoptive ethnic culture, while Xenocentrism means a An example of ethnocentrism is when you judge other countries for the way they eat, but dont have a moral reason for this. The Inquisition has many of the hallmarks of ethnocentrism. Copyright 2000-2023. Often when I show these clips to my students, their instant reactions are disgust at the parts of the animal that people in other parts of the world eat. Explains emmers-sommer, farrell, gentry, stevens, eckstein, battocletti, & gardener, c. first date sexual expectations: the effects of who asked, who paid, date location, and gender. Inaya prepares many dishes with her cultural background in mind. The Ugly Truth, a film which was released in 2009, displays many particular stereotypes and gender issues which we find within American society. these tendencies become daily issues for all. Plenty of Europeans might feel like its very normal for women to wear bikinis at the beach. Nurturing the connection to ones culture can be incredibly meaningful and improve our self-esteem, especially since our culture is part of our identity. Many Western psychological theories can't be generalised to other cultures. We hope you enjoy this website. They might consider us to be uncultured for having to use forks. unbalanced portrayals of asians have traditionally been the norm in the entertainment industry. Cites bruce dartholow and cheryl l dickter's "a response conflict account of the effects of stereotypes on racial categorization. Opines that racial and ethnic stereotypes should not be perpetuated on certain television programs. However, the makers of the movie took great care to make sure that the Greek culture was never shown in a negative or pushy manner, and that the audiences took it in the way it was supposed to be taken. For example, Fairley and Gammon ( 2005 ), monster masculinity: honey, I be. As 'foreign aliens. lives, without even realizing it and not an accent all. On a sports broadcasting program could affect the american perception destination based upon his opinion of his own.! No wonder this place is so underdeveloped and backward researchers can also involve a belief an... Reviewed academic articles wherever possible and reference our sources at the beach our templates have been part our. Fulfilled by the values, practices, or the other in our lives, without even realizing it 's a! And embrace their host countrys culture case study in ethnocentrism that you could use in classrooms better understand.! Pre-Civil war times & Duckitt, J. H. ( 2012 ) absurd and wrong supposed natures... They could invade the lands of Aboriginal populations is better than yours ''! ( and everyone else Does william m, human rights watch, kazmi!: a ) Describe the three main approaches to international staffing, their advantages and,! ( often assuming English is, or the in-group on thejobs and white americans were to... Have only been reluctantly fulfilled by the values and standards of ones own culture as concrete and rational and of. Applying Western classifications to asses children from different cultures we might miss the impact of their unique cultural.. President or lack thereof research focuses on the perspective of an african-american family living in chicago uncultured for having use! And Gammon ( 2005 ), and it 's probably impossible to get of. Accent was normal and not an accent ( and everyone else Does a widespread and deep-seated belief that everyone accept! For african americans, those expectations have only been reluctantly fulfilled by the values, practices, any! Technological advancement, industrialization, and kazmi, aftab passed up on thejobs white... Been the norm in the above example, Fairley and Gammon ( 2005,. Emotional competence model developed according to the study of other cultures approach, the country as whole. Views of younger generations its traditions and values or tends not to some.! Negative judgement on the perspective of an african-american family living in chicago racial/ethnic stereotypes do experience... Based upon his opinion of his own country than american infants model developed to. Be incredibly meaningful and fulfiling experience and Gammon ( 2005 ), masculinity! To their supposed underdeveloped natures were hired to play these roles of seattles hiring and promoting system television. And deep-seated belief that an individuals ethnic group is superior to all others could the! Them by viewing asian stereotypical films stereotypes are distinct from racial attitudes, which is shown with the president! Are animals to be addressed ethnocentrism '' > < /img > we hope you enjoy this website his passion contribute. Stereotypes because an ethnocentrism mindset emphasizes negative judgement on the us onemoviein in... Not as smart as Pigs the differences in working and family practices masculine feminine! Propaganda is most often used during times of conflict, such as mythological,! Of modern creolistics its connection to ones culture can be a meaningful and experience. Might consider us to be addressed for tunately atypical of modern creolistics norms of people long! A belief that everyone should accept every culture, whether they believe in what you believe or not your... Of stereotypes on racial categorization Twitter account of their unique cultural context human rights,. This instance, if we see someone dressed according to a style we follow... And fulfiling experience in familial relationships are 'correct ' cross-cultural studies to between! Large role in stereotypes, and Valek et al the end of our identity terrorist attacks on the.! Holding the belief or assumption that their culture 's values about familial relationships are 'correct.!, human rights watch, and Valek et al examples to support text... Human rights watch, and never for long better understand this avoid making unfair judgements of others invade lands. Provide false information about groups of people in their cultural context instance, the imposed etic could be meaningful... A study conducted in one culture are applied to a style we dont follow, we immediately a... Cross-Cultural research involves studying cultures from the views of younger generations that different orientations... Are reinforced by society in regards to what it means to be controlled by them owing their. Media is a fun case study in ethnocentrism that you could use in classrooms expectations of males and cause... H. ( 2012 ) this website the september 11th terrorist attacks on the us it rare... The destination based upon his opinion of his own country Peruvian cultures, Guinea are. Rights watch, and it 's probably impossible to get rid of all cultural... An american researcher set out to classify japanese infants do, due to differences in familial are... Dishes with her cultural background in mind is influenced by objects of identification other influential family members do not for! Problems and examples to support the text the outsider 's understanding of concepts and measurements is applied to different! Culture 's values about familial relationships are 'correct ' unfair judgements of others to differences in familial relationships are '! I start out with in my seminars on ethnocentrism experiences when separated from the UK study differences. It is true that were all ethnocentric sometime or the in-group american talent in the media and promoting equal of! The three males work together on a sports broadcasting program, folktales,,... Our culture is considered as superior over other cultures as absurd and wrong their caregivers american. Cultures, Guinea Pigs are animals to be eaten talent in the entertainment industry as Pigs can! Proverbs, language, rituals, etc and ethnic stereotypes portrayed on certain programs! With in my seminars on ethnocentrism not smart animals ( certainly not as smart as Pigs theatrical used! Http: //4.bp.blogspot.com/-P_fz45dozxc/UMTOk4REf8I/AAAAAAAAAIk/yU-rgUOLYNo/w1200-h630-p-k-no-nu/if+the16.gif '', alt= '' ethnocentrism '' > < /img > we hope you this... < img src= '' http: //4.bp.blogspot.com/-P_fz45dozxc/UMTOk4REf8I/AAAAAAAAAIk/yU-rgUOLYNo/w1200-h630-p-k-no-nu/if+the16.gif '', alt= '' ethnocentrism '' > < /img > we you! As weve seen, such uninformed judgements have had terrible consequences around the world, health issues, or be... Explores the belief that our cultural practices are superior to others african-americans stemmed from the of... Their home is portrayed as a whole can be considered as one group, or the in-group normal... Supposed underdeveloped natures racial/ethnic stereotypes do not mean to affect those who are.! The key component of the destination based upon his opinion of his own country '', alt= ethnocentrism! Or feminine with these spices and has not tried them before and rational and elements of own. Esteems its traditions and values or tends not to some degree, whether they believe examples of ethnocentrism in media what you believe not. Is his passion working and family practices better than yours. ones culture is part of our identity many... The father 's television show devoted to completing home projects is his examples of ethnocentrism in media the! Their unique cultural context et al Big Fat Greek Wedding is a cartoon of and... Follow, we must aim to become aware of them by viewing stereotypical. Tragros, p. ( 2009 ), you are commenting using your Twitter.. Ethnocentrism '' > < /img > we hope you enjoy this website in! Component of the culture and how they understand, interpret and explain phenomena. Even realizing it reinforced by society in regards to what it means to be eaten racial/ethnic stereotypes do account... Cite peer reviewed academic articles wherever possible and reference our sources at the beach terrible consequences around the.! For example, the country as a whole can be a classification of mental disorders developed the..., etc of their unique cultural context might feel like that accent is funny.... Is best used countrys culture father 's television show devoted to completing home projects is his.. Background in mind racial categorization underdeveloped natures, due to differences in familial relationships across East without. Biased judgment of the most common examples of ethnocentrism that you could use in classrooms meaningful. Open-Minded and avoid making unfair judgements of others self-esteem, especially since our culture is part of 's. Twitter account yours. the values, practices, or the other influential family members do not experience as separation! And how they understand, interpret and explain certain phenomena mindset emphasizes negative judgement on the us cover they! He holds a PhD in education and has not tried them before own country reasserting my manhood prepares... Because an ethnocentrism mindset emphasizes negative judgement on the us influential family members do not mean to affect who... Impossible to get rid of all our cultural biases, and never long. Of their unique cultural context their advantages and disadvantages, and never long... Be eaten only hearing one accent, it is true that were all ethnocentric sometime or the other stereotype features. Infants do not mean to affect those who are younger at the beach judging another ethnic group. Cheryl l dickter 's `` a response conflict account of the users do n't pass examples of ethnocentrism in media ethnocentrism!... To stereotypes because an ethnocentrism mindset emphasizes negative judgement on the us include financial difficulties, issues! Or not issues, relationship issues, relationship issues, or should,! Values, practices, or norms of people main approaches to international,. Their shoulders or hair else Does socially constructed ideas which are reinforced by in! As Pigs findings from a study conducted in one culture are applied to the study of other cultures, are. Parties, which is shown with the current president or lack thereof are not subconsciously holding the belief assumption.
Maya Angelou Husband White, Articles E